Unit Summary: Network Functionality and Topologies

Network functionality is achieved through the interaction of various components: networking devices, network topologies, and routing technologies. These components work together to enable communication and data transfer between devices on a network.

Networking devices act as tools that facilitate communication and data sharing between computers and other devices on a network. Some key networking devices include:

• Hubs, which connect multiple devices and broadcast data to all connected devices.
• Switches, which are similar to hubs but can filter data packets, sending them directly to the intended recipient for better performance.
• Routers, which direct data between networks, including connecting devices to the Internet.
• Access Points, which allow wireless devices to join wired networks.
• Modems, which connect local networks to the Internet.
• Firewalls, which protect networks by blocking unauthorized access.

Network topology describes how devices are connected in a network. It is essentially a map illustrating the pathways of data flow. Each type of network topology has its advantages and disadvantages:

• Bus Topology: All devices connect to a single main cable, minimizing cable usage and cost, but a break in the cable can disrupt the entire network.
• Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circle, and data travels in a single direction. Adding devices or cable breaks can disrupt the network, but dual rings can provide backup.
• Star Topology: All devices connect to a central device (hub or switch). It is easy to manage and add devices, but failure of the central device disrupts the network.
• Mesh Topology: Every device connects to every other device, providing high redundancy but making the network complex to manage.
• Hybrid Topology: Combines two or more network types for customized solutions balancing cost and performance, but design and maintenance become more complex.

Routing determines the path data packets take through the network to reach their destination. This can be achieved through static or dynamic routing:

• Static routing involves manually configuring fixed paths for data by a network administrator. It is simple to implement but inflexible to network changes.
• Dynamic routing allows routes to adjust automatically based on network conditions. It is more adaptable but requires more complex setup.

Several routing protocols manage how routers communicate and share information to determine the best path for data. Key protocols include:

• RIP, which is suitable for small networks and uses hop counts to determine the shortest route.
• OSPF, which uses an algorithm to calculate the fastest path and is designed for large networks.
• EIGRP, which balances speed and management ease, making it ideal for private networks.
• BGP, which directs data between different networks globally, forming the core protocol of the Internet.